TIME  EXPRESSIONS

1.  HLACC  -  Time  "How Long"

                 English  (e.g.)       FOR   five  hours

                                                                              FOR ten  years

                                               FOR many  days

                                               FOR  one  night

     Latin  just  uses  the  ACCUSATIVE  case (without a preposition):

                                        QUINQUE  HORAS

                                                DECEM  ANNOS

                                                MULTOS  DIES

                                                UNAM   NOCTEM

N.B.  Cardinal numbers: only UNUS, DUO, TRES  change their endings.

2.  WABL    -   Time  "When" (or "Within..")

                 English (e.g.)          IN   the  tenth  year

                                          ON  the  third day

                                          AT  the  eighth  hour

                                          (With)IN  a  few  days

         Latin  just  uses  the  ABLATIVE  case  (without a preposition):

                                          DECIMO  ANNO

                                          TERTIO  DIE

                                          OCTAVA  HORA

                                          PAUCIS  DIEBUS

  N.B.   Ordinal numbers ALL change their endings:  usually to '-O' or '-A'.

Possibly the hardest thing about translating these phrases is actually spotting them in the first place! There are certain 'give-aways' to watch out for:

           NUMBERS (both kinds) are often involved
           NOUNS to do with TIME  (annus, dies, hora, nox)

   ….and when you get both together it is very likely to be an example of
                       HLACC or WABL.

When you do spot them, the crucial thing is to notice the CASE of the words:

     If they are ACC, it is 'How Long', and you must use the English word -
                           "FOR…"

     If they are ABL, it is 'When/Within', and you have the choice of -
                          "IN", "ON" or "AT".

       e.g.  ULIXES MULTOS ANNOS PER MARE ERRABAT.
              Odysseus wandered over the sea FOR many years.

              GRAECI TROIAM DECIMO ANNO BELLI CEPERUNT.
              The Greeks captured Troy IN the tenth year of the war.
            

MOTION   and  Position

Certain words in Latin follow slightly different patterns from the
   usual way of expressing these ideas. This occurs in particular
with NAMES of TOWNS and a couple of other individual words:
 especially DOMUS (which here uses 2^nd decl endings),and also the

word RUS, RURIS (3,n) which is technically no longer needed
for GCSE - but is worth knowing anyway, as the root of the
English word 'rural'. 
 

  MOTION 
     

  1.    'TOWARDS':

             Usual Latin:  AD or IN + ACC case:  

                         e.g.   AD URBEM  -  to(wards) the city
                              IN AGROS  -  into the fields

       Irregulars:   These also use the ACC, but without any prepositions:
                                             
                      e.g.    ROMAM   -  to  Rome
                               POMPEIOS  -  to  Pompeii  (2^nd decl plur)

                                  DOMUM  - home(wards)

                                  RUS - to the country
                                                    

    2.  'AWAY FROM':

               Usual Latin:  E(X) or A(B) + ABL case:

                         e.g.  EX OPPIDO  -  out of the town
                             A MONTIBUS  -  away from the mountains

       Irregulars:   These also use the ABL, but without any prepositions:
                                              
                   e.g.  TROIA (abl ending)  -  from Troy
                         ATHENIS (abl pl of 'Athenae')  -  from Athens
                          DOMO  -  from home



   Position  ("IN" or "AT")

             Usual Latin:   IN + ABL case: 

                     e.g.  IN  FORO  -  in the market-place 

            Irregulars:   These use the so-called "LOCATIVE" case:

With words whose names are1^st or 2^nd decl. singular, the ending is the he
same as the GEN SING
With words whose names are3^rd decl, OR  plural, the ending is the
same as theABLcase.

             e.g.  ROMAE  -  IN  or AT  Rome 
                    LONDINII  -  IN  London  ('Londinium' is 2^nd n.)

                    DOMI  - AT home

      BUT:        RURE/RURI  -  IN the country
                   KARTHAGINE  -  IN  Carthage (a 3^rd decl name)

                    POMPEIIS   -  IN  Pompeii  (plural)

      NOTICE THAT 3^rd decl or plural names will have the same endings

  for 'MOTION - AWAY FROM' as for 'POSITION'...! The VERB

  MEANING in the sentence will usually make it clear which is which:

   e.g.  ATHENIS  DISCESSIMUS  -  We went awayFROM Athens
             ATHENIS  MANEMUS  -  We are staying IN Athens

Adverbs(including Comparison)

            There are some regular ways of forming adverbs from adjectives (as English often adds "--LY"). It usually depends on which declension endings the adjective uses (and in some cases its stem).

A)  1^st/2^nd decl. adjectives                                        

  The regular way of formation (including '-ER' types) is to take the STEM
                                                          and add "—E".

              e.g.  IRATUS   -   IRATE  (angrily)
                      MISER     -   MISERE  (miserably)
                      PULCHER  -  PULCHRE  (beautifully)
      Some common irregulars:
                      PRIMUS  -  PRIMO or PRIMUM (firstly, at first)
                      TUTUS  -  TUTO  (safely)
      Beware (as usual) of the Famous Five (see below)!

B)  3^rd declension adjectives

  The regular formation is to takethe STEM and add "—ITER"

               e.g.  FORTIS   -   FORTITER  (bravely)
                       CELER  -  CELERITER  (quickly)
                       FELIX  -  FELICITER  (luckily - also the Latin for 'Good luck!')
        Irregulars:
                       FACILIS  -  FACILE  (easily)
                       AUDAX  -  AUDACTER  (boldly)
                       Adj's in -NS:  change -NS to -NTER: e.g. SAPIENTER (wisely)

COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE

        This is reasonably straightforward. Firstly take the Comparative or Superlative of the original adjective. Then…

         For COMPARATIVE:  change -IOR to -IUS  (more ------ly)

        For SUPERLATIVE: follow the normal way of changing a 1^st/2^nd decl. adjective into an adverb, i.e. change -US to -E (very -----ly).

e.g.'s:

ADJECTIVE           ADVERB           COMPARATIVE     SUPERLATIVE

 STULTUS               STULTE              STULTIUS              STULTISSIME
    (foolish)               (foolishly)           (more foolishly)      (very foolishly)
 AUDAX                 AUDACTER       AUDACIUS            AUDACISSIME
 GRAVIS                GRAVITER          GRAVIUS                GRAVISSIME
 DILIGENS          DILIGENTER     DILIGENTIUS     DILIGENTISSIME
 CELER                    CELERITER          CELERIUS               CELERRIME
 FACILIS                     FACILE             FACILIUS                 FACILLIME

 C)   The FAMOUS FIVE

       It will come as no surprise that these tend to form their adverbs irregularly! Some of their Comparative/Superlatives are however in fact regular…

            Irregularities are printed below in RED.

 ADJECTIVE           ADVERB           COMPARATIVE         SUPERLATIVE

  BONUS                      BENE                   MELIUS                       OPTIME

  MALUS                      MALE                  PEIUS                          PESSIME

  MAGNUS          MAGNOPERE         MAGIS                        MAXIME

  PARVUS              PAULLUM              MINUS                        MINIME

  MULTUS             MULTUM                 PLUS                        PLURIMUM                         
                                        (or MULTO)

RELATIVE PRONOUN (QUI QUAE QUOD)

                   Place these brackets BEFORE the part of "QUI" (or a preposition followed by 'qui'),and AFTER the first indicative verb that follows:

                e.g.       IUVENIS  (CUI  PECUNIAM  DEDI) E FORO RUIT

                   Then translate the CASE of "QUI" carefully by the meanings chart above: it will refer to the NOUN IN FRONT OF IT (its "ANTECEDENT"). This will show you whether it is a PERSON or a THING!

                  e.g.    The YOUNG  MAN (TO WHOM (dat) I gave the money) rushed out of the forum.

     More examples: 
            MONTES  (PER  QUOS  ITER  FACIEBAT)  ERANT  ALTISSIMI

                       THE MOUNTAINS (THROUGH WHICH he was travelling) were very high

         MILITES  FEMINAS  (QUAE  IN  VIA  CLAMABANT) AUDIVERUNT

                     The soldiers heard THE WOMEN (WHO were shouting in the street)

       You will obviously then want to remove the brackets again when you write the sentence properly.

       SOME FOR YOU TO TRY! 

               Run your cursor over the 'Answer' lines to see if you are right: the first line shows the sentence with the correct words bracketed.

     1.    PUERI  SENEM  QUI  IN  FORO  ERRABAT  AD  VILLAM  DUXERUNT

With brackets:  PUERI  SENEM  (QUI  IN  FORO  ERRABAT)  AD  VILLAM  DUXERUNT
Answer:  The boys took the old man who was wandering in the forum to his villa

     2.   SERVE,  FER  GLADIUM  QUO  HUNC  LEONEM  NECARE  POTERO!

With brackets:  SERVE,  FER  GLADIUM  (QUO  HUNC  LEONEM  NECARE  POTERO)!
Answer:   Slave, bring a sword with which I'll be able to kill this lion!

     3.  VIR  CUIUS  FILIAM  HERI  VIDISTI  EST  SENATOR  CLARUS

With brackets:   VIR  (CUIUS  FILIAM  HERI  VIDISTI)  EST  SENATOR  CLARUS
Answer:   The man whose daughter you saw yesterday is a famous senator

     4.  ULIXES  DONA  INTER  QUAE  GLADIUS  ERAT  MULIERIBUS  OSTENDIT

With brackets:  ULIXES  DONA ( INTER  QUAE  GLADIUS  ERAT)  MULIERIBUS  OSTENDIT
Answer:  Odysseus showed the women some gifts, amongst which was a sword