What is INDIRECT COMMAND?
The second of the (3) "Indirect" constructions carries with it the same idea of 'reported speech' that you are hopefully familiar with from studying Indirect Statements .
This time, you need to imagine that what was originally said in Direct Speech was a Command or Request (i.e. an IMPERATIVE or its negative equivalent "NOLI").
e.g "Come here!"
"Don't shout!"
When this is 'related' back to someone else, you end up with sentences like:
They asked him to come here
He told the boys not to shout
You will spot quite quickly that Indirect Commands in English are always phrased using an INFINITIVE: "…to come", "…not to shout", etc.
There are also only a limited number of verbs that are likely to be used in the Main Clause to introduce the Indirect Command clause. This last part of course is also true in Latin - but, with only 2 exceptions, these main verbs are not just followed by a simple Infinitive.
LATIN INDIRECT COMMANDS
Leaving the two "exceptional" verbs for the moment, the other verbs leading up to an Indirect Command are all followed by a rather familiar construction:
UT or NE followed by the Present or Imperfect Subjunctive.
This will probably give you a sense of "déjà vu" - that was the "Rule" for Purpose Clauses!
Yes, it's true: these two constructions follow an identical pattern, even down to obeying the "Sequence" rule.
The only difference is in the class of verbs you will find in the Main Clause leading up to the UT or NE.
As mentioned above, there are only a limited number of these, limited even more by what the GCSE vocab syllabus prescribes. The most common you will see are:
IMPERO - I command, give a strong order
ROGO - I ask
MONEO - I advise or warn, possibly with its compound:
ADMONEO - which is always used negatively to warn
not to do something
ORO - I beg
PETO (+ A/Ab) - I request ("seek from" someone)
PERSUADEO - I persuade
and HORTOR - I encourage or urge.
Youwould expect nothing less from Vir Drinks Beer by now than to hear that there is a VDB way of remembering all these verbs: they have long been known as the 'MORPHIA P' verbs (OK, so come up with a better acronym of your own if you want!)
e.g. MONEO
ORO
ROGO
PETO (placed here to connect with 'Rogo')
HORTOR
IMPERO
ADMONEO
and PERSUADEO.
IUBEO (and Veto)
You may have been wondering why the verb that you probably know best meaning "I order" doesn't make it into the list of MORPHIA P verbs. This is because it is one of the 2 verbs that are not followed by the UT/NE + Subjunctive construction.
Together with its 'opposite' verb, VETO (-are vetui vetitum, one of the very few first conjugation verbs with irregular Principal Parts),meaning "I forbid", or "I order (someone) NOT to do something", IUBEO mirrors the English construction: it is followed by a simple Infinitive:
e.g. DUX MILITES OPPUGNARE IUSSIT
The general ordered the soldiers to fight
TE VETO EX URBE DISCEDERE
I forbid you/order you not to leave the city
IUBEO of course is better known to you because it was the only verb that could be used to order people to do things until you had learned the Subjunctive! Its easy syntax is also a boon when translating from English into Latin.
TRANSLATING INDIRECT COMMANDS
Once you have spotted UT or NE, it is now more important to look at the Main Clause. If you have one of the MORPHIA P verbs, you must be careful not to fall automatically into translating UT or NE with all the various possibilities available in a Purpose Clause.
In an Indirect Command, it is usually unnecessary (indeed, wrong most of the time) to try to say "so that" or "in order to".
Most usually, you should just translate UT as "to…", and NE as "not to…."
e.g. NOS ROGAT UT MANEAMUS
means "He is asking us TO stay"
not "He is asking us SO THAT we may stay"!
It is possible, especially with "PETO" and if there is a different subject in the Indirect Command clause, to translate UT or NE as "…that…" on its own at the beginning of the clause:
e.g. A REGE PETEMUS UT FRATER LIBERETUR
"We shall petition the king THAT our brother may be set free"
or "We shall request THAT the king releases our brother"
On the whole, though, it is much more likely that you will find using a straight Infinitive in English gives you the translation you need.
PRACTICE SENTENCES
There's not really much more to say!
See how you get on with some practice translations. Highlight the answer line as usual to see if you're right.
N.B. Remember that IMPERO and PERSUADEO put their object into the Dative case.
1. NAUTAE DEOS ORABANT UT SE SERVARENT.
Answer: The sailors were begging the gods to save them.
2. DUX COPIAS HORTATUS EST UT SUMMA VIRTUTE PUGNARENT.
Answer: The general encouraged his troops to fight with the utmost courage.
3. UXORI PERSUADERE CONABOR UT CENAM OPTIMAM NOBIS PARET.
Answer: I shall try to persuade my wife to prepare her best supper for us.
4. AMICE, TE ADMONUIMUS NE OMNE VINUM ILLUD BIBERES!
Answer: Friend, we warned you not to drink all that wine!
5. INCOLAE A ROMANIS PETIVERUNT UT AUXILIUM QUAM CELERRIME MITTERENT.
Answer: The inhabitants requested the Romans to send help as quickly as possible.
6. PATER ME ROGAVIT NE TIBI ITERUM LOQUAR.
Answer: My father has asked me not to speak to you again (Beware Sequence! A Present Subjunctive means you need a Primary tense main verb!).
7. PRINCEPS SENATORES HORTABATUR UT TEMPLA AEDIFICARENT.
Answer: The Emperor was encouraging the Senators to build temples.
8. CUR SERVIS IMPERABAS UT PORTAS CLAUDERENT?
Answer: Why were you telling the slaves to close the gates?
9. NOLI ME ROGARE UT PLUS PECUNIAE TIBI DEM!
Answer: Don't ask me to give you more money!
10. SENEX FILIO PERSUASIT NE VILLAM PROPE MARE VENDAT.
Answer: (Beware Sequence!) The old man has persuaded his son not to sell their house by the sea.
11. TE MONEO NE CRAS HIC INVENIARIS.
Answer: I advise you not to be found here tomorrow.
12. UXOR CAESAREM SAPIENTER MONUIT UT DOMI MANERET.
Answer: Caesar's wife wisely advised him to stay at home (guess on what date I wrote this sentence…!).
SPOT THE DIFFERENCE
Can you tell which of the following sentences contain an Indirect Command, and which have a Purpose Clause - and then translate them appropriately?
Look for the MORPHIA P verbs in the Main Clause. You have plenty of choice over translating UT/NE if it's Purpose; but don't try to do the same if you have an Indirect Command.
Highlight the 'Clause' line first if you want to check you've made the right choice!
1. NAUTA AUDAX SOCIIS PERSUASIT UT AD INSULAM SECUM NAVIGARENT.
Clause: Indirect Command
Answer: The bold sailor persuaded his comrades to sail to the island with him.
2. TIBI IMPERO UT PECUNIAM STATIM REDDAS!
Clause: Indirect Command
Answer: I command you to return the money at once!
3. ANCILLAE IUVENES VOCAVERUNT UT AUXILIUM ROGARENT.
Clause: Purpose ('ROGO' is AFTER the 'UT': not in the main clause)
Answer: The slave-girls called the young men so they could ask for help.
4. INCOLAE OPPIDI EXERCITUM ORABANT UT CIBUM SIBI DARENT.
Clause: Indirect Command
Answer: The townspeople were begging the army to give them food.
5. NOLI CONSILIUM NOSTRUM EI NARRARE NE TOTAM LEGIONEM MONEAT.
Clause: Purpose (again, 'MONEO' is after the 'NE')
Answer: Don't tell him our plan in case he warns the whole legion.
6. NONNE AB ILLO PETERE POTES NE TANTA VOCE CANTET?
Clause: Indirect Command
Answer: Can't you ask that guy politely not to sing so loudly?
JUST FOR FUN…..
The procedure for English into Latin is just the same as when you translate Purpose Clauses: work out the SEQUENCE of TENSES and use the correct Subjunctive:
e.g. The soldiers were warning the young man not to approach the wall.
Imperfect tense - Historic sequence - Imperfect Subjunctive
So: MILITES IUVENEM ADMONEBANT NE AD MURUM APPROPINQUARET.
One extra tip: if the English sentence actually says "order" or "tell", there's nothing wrong with using 'IUBEO' and an Infinitive!
Finally, don't forget that IMPERO and PERSUADEO take the Dative.
You can highlight the 'Sequence' line if you want to check this part first.
1. The woman asked (her) husband to carry the table (I assume you know the Latin for 'table', even if it is off the syllabus…!)
Sequence: Aorist - Historic - Imperfect Subjunctive
Answer: FEMINA VIRUM ROGAVIT UT MENSAM PORTARET.
2. The farmer was begging the soldiers not to destroy (his) fields.
Sequence: Imperfect - Historic - Imperfect Subjunctive
Answer: AGRICOLA MILITES ORABAT NE AGROS DELERENT.
3. I advise you to listen carefully.
Sequence: Present - Primary - Present Subjunctive
Answer: TE MONEO UT DILIGENTER AUDIAS.
4. The queen told the slave-girls to hurry.
Sequence: Why not just use 'IUBEO'?
Answer: REGINA ANCILLAS FESTINARE IUSSIT.
5. Now do number 4 using the other verb 'to order'!
Sequence: Aorist - Historic - Imperfect Subjunctive
Answer : REGINA ANCILLIS IMPERAVIT UT FESTINARENT.
……which probably explains why IUBEO is more common than IMPERO!
The Indirect Command construction is really one of the easier ones to get used to. Just make sure that you are watching out for those MORPHIA P verbs!
("VDB encouraged his readers to brush up on their MORPHIA P's…")